IEEE 1361-2014 pdf download

IEEE 1361-2014 pdf download.IEEE Guide for Selecting, Charging,Testing, and Evaluating Lead-Acid Batteries Used in Stand-Alone Photovoltaic (PV) Systems.
charge controller: An electrical control device that regulates battery charging by voltage control and or other means. The charge controller may also incorporate one or more of the following functions: discharge termination, regulation voltage temperature compensation, load contiul. and status indication.
deficit charge: Charging a battery with less Ah than are required to return the battery to its initial slate-of- charge, This results in a reduction in the batlciy sLate-of-charge.
cnd-oI-dischargr voltage (EODV): The battery voltage just prior to load termination. EODV is the minimum voltage for the given discharge cycle.
loss-voltage disconnect ILVI)): The battery voltage at which the load is disconnected to prevent over discharge. The LVD is the determining factor for the actual maximum allowable depth of discharge and available battery capacity in a PV system.
loss-voltage reconnect (LVR): The battery voltage at which the load is reconnected after an LVI).
opportunity charging: Partial or complete charging of the battery whenever the opportunity arises.
overcharge: The forcing of cunent through a battery after it has been fully recharged, quantified as the number of ampere-hours charged divided by the number of ampere-hours discharged times I 00 Typical overcharge values are between 105% and 130%.
premature capacit% loss: Significant lead-acid battery capacity loss, usually greater than 10%. that occurs during cycling even though the battery receives adequate charge to recover the discharged capacity. The decline in capacity occurs early in the projected cycle-life of the battery without any of the traditional capacity loss or wear-out mechanisms.
regulation reconnect iolhigc (Vrr): The battery voltage at which the charge controller reconnects the charging source to the battery.
solar insolation: The total daily solar irradiance in kWh/rn2. Most solar insolation data for a geographic location is reported for each month as the average daily irrasliance for a spccilic array tilt angle, Typical daily solar insolation values arc between 2 k’’m and 7 ltWh/m.
standard test conditions ISTC): The accepted conditions under which PV devices are commonly rated 1000 V/mnr irradiance at a spectral distribution of air mass (AM) 1.5 and a 25 ‘C PV cell temperature.
sullalion, excesslse or “hard”: The abnormal growth of lead sulfate crystals on the plates of a lcad’acid battery after an extended time in a (lilly or partially discharged condition. It appears on the positive plate edges as shiny white crystals.
sustaining charge: A sustaining charge restores the battery to the same state-of-charge it was prior to thc discharge.
termination soltage: The battery voltage at which discharge is terminated.
4. Safety
Installation of batteries under test should be in accordance with procedures and safety guidelines outlined in IFEE Std 4SO (R31, lEl+ Sid I lXX’ fB7), and lElif Std 937 (H5). At least the following should be considered mandatory for personnel safety: goggles for eye protection, acid resistant gloves, eyewash stations (portable or stationary), electrolyte neutralizing solutions, protective clothing, and a class C fire extinguisher.
Select a solution (or powder) that neutralizcs the 20.,-30 sulfuric-acid solution (standard elcctrolytc). Sodium bicarbonate (baking sodal works well to neutralize electrolyte spills. Neutralizing electrolyte spills may subject the users to hazardous waste regulations, Contact the local hazardous waste oflice for guidance.
4.1 Arc hazard
Batteries used in low-voltage small stand-alone PV systems can be a source of electric arc hazard.s Care should be taken to prevent accidentally shorting the positie and negative terminals, or the positive terminal or negative terminal and any grounded surface of a cell or baery when using non-insulated metallic tools w other metallic objects, such as jewelry. In most cases, battery short-circuit currents can exceed 1000 A. Special electncally insulated tools should be used to enhance safety. In addition, it is prudent to fuse and properly size all conductors in the system to prevent damage to wiring and test equipment in the evcnt of a short circuit or equipment malfunction. Guidance on arc hazards can be found in NFPA 70E [B 141. NFPA 70E cites additional arc hazard references.
4.2 Hydrogen venting
Vented lead-acid batteries release hydrogen and oxygen gas as a result of the electrolysis of water. The electrolysis of water is a consequence of the battery charging process and begins to occurs after the battery is fully charged IBIOI. As the charge voltage increases, the electrolysis also increases accordingly. To protect agsinsl igniting the potentially flammable andor explosive hydrogen and oxygen mixture inside the vented battery. the National Electrical Codc’R Section 4X0.lO I HI 3J requires that battery installations usc flame-arrester vent caps. Flarnc-arrcstcr vent caps for vented batteries typically consist of a micro-porous ceramic or plastic foam to prevent a flame or other external ignition source from igniting the hydrogen inside the cell.